One ecosystem service in Ireland whose economic value has been calculated is pollination. “We have calculated that there is a 30 per cent reduction in the yield of oil-seed rape without pollinators, principally bees,” says Dr Jane Stout, director of the Centre for Biodiversity Research at Trinity College Dublin. “The pollinators were valued at €4 million a year to the oil-seed rape crop.” Her research has also examined the impact of human activity on biodiversity and ecosystem services.